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The density of a material, typically denoted using the Greek symbol ρ, is defined as its mass per unit volume.

ρ =

m  V

where: ρ is the density m is the mass V is the volume

The density can be computed with ease, yet careful attention to the units is essential. Density can be represented in many formats, and neglecting to use or convert to the correct units leads to wrong results. It's advisable to note all numbers together with their units and apply dimensional analysis so that the final answer carries the appropriate unit of density.

mass

volume

. Note that density is also affected by pressure and temperature. In the case of solids and liquids, the change in density is typically low. However, when regarding gases, density is largely affected by temperature and pressure. An increase in pressure decreases volume, and always increases density. Increases in temperature tend to decrease density since the volume will generally increase. There are exceptions however, such as water's density increasing between 0°C and 4°C.

Below is a table of units in which density is commonly expressed, as well as the densities of some common materials.

Common Density Units

Unit	kg/m3
kilogram/cubic meter	SI Unit
kilogram/cubic centimeter	1,000,000
gram/cubic meter [g/m3]	0.001
gram/cubic centimeter	1000
kilogram/liter [kg/L]	1000
gram/liter [g/L]	1
pound/cubic inch [lb/in3]	27,680
pound/cubic foot [lb/ft3]	16.02
pound/cubic yard [lb/yd3]	0.5933
pound/gallon (US)	119.83
pound/gallon (UK)	99.78
ounce/cubic inch [oz/in3]	1,730
ounce/cubic foot [oz/ft3]	1.001
ounce/gallon (US)	7.489
ounce/gallon (UK)	6.236
ton (short)/cubic yard	1,186.6
ton (long)/cubic yard	1,328.9
psi/1000 feet	2.3067

Density of Common Materials

Material	Density in kg/m3
Earth's atmosphere at sea level	1.2
Water at standard temperature and pressure	1,000
The Earth	5,515.3
Iron	7,874
Copper	8,950
Tungsten	19,250
Gold	19,300
Platinum	21,450
Atomic nuclei	2.3×1017
Black hole	above 1×1018

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